Italian versus American Christmas Essay

Happy Christmas or Buon Natale! Let all of us commend the introduction of Christ. It is that season when loved ones meet up to cheer for the friend in need is conceived. It is the point at which we the adoration is most felt among loved ones and even outsiders. The voices of choralists add to the merriments of the period (Miles 359). The Christmas convention takes its underlying foundations from Christianity. This is additionally the purpose for the non-festivity of Christmas in certain nations, particularly those which are non-Christian. All things considered, there are places like the United States and Italy where Christmas conventions are watched with the end goal of festivity, which rises above strict traditions (Miles 359). As conventions direct, Italians alternate drawing out a wrapped blessing from an elaborate bowl which is known as the urn of destiny (Miles 359). As most Americans are Christians, occasions are energized during this season. This incorporates the gigantic measure of blessing giving and shopping (Barnett 144). Italians design their homes during Christmas time with a ceppo (tree of light) or lalbero di natale, their adaptation of the conventional Christmas tree (Miles 359). It is a wooden casing formed like a pyramid. Looking like a stepping stool it is framed by a few layers of wooden retires as help. The presepe is set at the base of the ceppo. Confections, products of the soil presents involve the upper racks. The ceppo is enhanced with smaller than normal flags, plated pine cones and hued paper. Candles are put on it and further beat by either a doll or a star to finish the look. The birthplace of the trough scene was in Italy. This is the motivation behind why it has been a significant piece of the Italian Christmas convention. Italian homes improve their presepe or nativity scene as extravagantly as they can manage the cost of it. Americans, on the other piece of the globe enhance their homes with wreaths, mistletoes and Christmas trees as well. The roads of New Mexico are fixed with luminaires or candles in a pack loaded with sand during Christmas time. Houses with level rooftop are additionally enhanced with these. These serve to light the path for the infant kid. In Washington D. C., the main national living Christmas tree was planted route back in the year 1924. From that point on, it has been the custom of the President of the United States to turn on the formal lights at Christmas. Going around with a star is normal for an Alaskan Christmas. An enormous star made out of brilliant hued paper is conveyed by young men and young ladies as they go entryway to entryway on Christmas day. They in any event, welcome lamps on posts with them as they sing songs. Cordial neighbors let them in for rewards as youthful and old accumulate in recognition of this euphoric event during this season (Barnett 144). In the event that the Italians have their Babbo Natale, Americans realize that he will generally be Santa Claus. He is referred to in the United States as the chunky man on red robe and dark boots, riding on his sleigh. He slides down the smokestack to leave his presents to the pleasant children at Christmas time. Blessing giving in Italy occurs on the la festa dell Epifania or the Epiphany which falls on the sixth of January. Babbo Natale gets out and about on la vigilia di natale or Christmas Eve. In different pieces of the area, he is known as La Befana, an Italian people character. The present supplier of Christmas presents in different regions is accepted to be St. Lucia. On different spots, he is known to be Gesu Bambino or the Child Jesus (Miles 359 360). The United States is a social blend in fact. In this piece of the world, various traditions and conventions mix in concordance. It is during Christmas time when this social decent variety is a lot of obvious. By and by, the blend of various societies in the long run delivered a particularly American taste in spite of the fact that hints of assorted foundations of these conventions are by one way or another still obvious. The most widely recognized among these impacts are British in root. The Americans figure out how to cause Santa Claus to feel at home. This is the motivation behind why they made homes for him the nation over. In one of the towns at Torrington, Connecticut, one can locate a genuine Santa, alongside his mythical people. At Whiteface Mountain in Wilmington, New York a changeless home for Santa Claus was structured by Arto Monaco. This house traded the reindeer for a metal forger. It even has a mail station and a house of prayer in its general structure. Consistently, around 100,000 individuals visits the Monaco structured Santa home (Barnett 144). Italian children are not out discussing sonnets around the area, they affectionately compose letters to their folks during Christmas while American children list the things they couldn't want anything more than to get as presents from Santa Claus (Miles 359; Barnett 144). The Christmas season doesn't begin and end on the 25th of December undoubtedly. The Italians practice certain traditions and customs to check this season. On la vigilia di natale or Christmas Eve, a detailed dinner called the pronzo delta vigilia is served. Here fish soup or stew, fish, cannoli (Italian baked good) and different treats are served however no meat included. At the point when il natale (Christmas) falls, the entire family feast with panettone or the Christmas cake along with different dinners (Miles 359). Potatoes, meat, onions and beans are bubbled over pit fires for a Christmas feast at New Mexico. To cup the supper, buns, breads and doughnuts are presented with espresso. Clean Americans have their own extraordinary occasion convention. On the morning of Christmas Eve, no meat is served. Be that as it may, when the principal star shows up over Wigiliais, meat would already be able to be served for supper. The primary highlights of the feast are sweet meats produced using poppy seeds and nectar, different fish, mushroom, cabbage and beetroot soup. The leader of the house gives out an oplatek which is an elliptical wafer. The nativity scene is engraved on this oplatek. A bit of the oplatek is severed as every relative including their companions who are available trade wants for each other. As custom directs, there is a spot set particularly for Mary and his child on the off chance that they come in scan for a spot to remain for the evening. Roughage is spread on the floor and under the decorative liner suggestive of the trough where Christ the friend in need was conceived (Barnett 144). Vocalists singing Christmas psalms give diversion in America. When contrasted with their kindred Americans, Hungarian Americans place a high premium on faith gatherings and hymns during Christmas Eve. On this day, they assemble around the Christmas tree as they do their present giving when the primary star of the night shows up. Directly after the blessing giving occasional nourishments are served. The remainder of the family devours poppy seed, pecans, bread rolls, beat with aniseed, caraway or sesame seeds and dumplings. The Italian rendition of this is the Zampognari and Pifferai. Woodwind players and bagpipers from the Abruzzi Mountains of Rome are wearing sheepskin vests, dull shrouds, white stockings and knee high breeches. They make a trip right to strict sanctums to engage the group (Barnett 144). We may not communicate in one language, we may not share one religion, we may not watch a similar custom yet December 25 methods something very similar for us all. It is the day when the rescuer was conceived. It is the day when the guarantee of salvation was made substance. On that night at a trough in Bethlehem, Jesus went to the world. In all lowliness, he carried on with his life on earth. In this light, let us recollect that while there is nothing amiss with extreme festivals during Christmas, there is an a lot further importance behind every one of these trappings. There is something else entirely to the food served and the blessings given and got. It is the introduction of Christ, and this is the ideal motivation to celebrate. In all conviction, any place on the planet you are in at Christmas time, however you praise it, one truth continues as before, it is the most brilliant season (Maloney NP). Works Cited Barnett, James Harwood. The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. New Hampshire: Ayer Publishing, 1976. Å"Christmas in United States.  2008. TheHolidaySpot. com. Recovered February 21, 2008, from http://www.theholidayspot.com/

It is believed globalisation is beneficial but only for the developed Essay

It is accepted globalization is helpful yet just for the created world it is an underhanded idea for the immature world. Remark on this announcement - Essay Example s, not just in conventional universal exchange products and ventures, yet in addition in trades of monetary forms; in capital developments; in innovation move; in individuals traveling through global travel and relocation; and in worldwide progressions of data and thoughts. Globalization has included more noteworthy receptiveness in the universal economy, an incorporation of business sectors on an overall premise, and a development toward a borderless world, all of which have prompted increments in worldwide streams. Michael D. Intriligator’s paper (2001) demonstrates a few wellsprings of globalization in the course of the most recent a very long while. One such source has been innovative advances that have essentially brought down the expenses of transportation and correspondence and drastically brought down the expenses of information handling and data stockpiling and recovery. A second wellspring of globalization has been exchange progression and different types of monetary advancement that have prompted decreased exchange assurance and to a progressively liberal world exchanging framework. A third wellspring of globalization has been changes in foundations, where associations have a more extensive reach, due, partially, to mechanical changes and to the more wide-going skylines of their chiefs, who have been engaged by propels in correspondences. A fourth explanation behind globalization has been the worldwide concession to philosophy, with an intermingling of convictions in the estimation of a market economy and an unhindered commerce framework. A fifth explanation behind globalization has been social turns of events, with a transition to a globalized and homogenized media, expressions of the human experience, and mainstream society and with the across the board utilization of the English language for worldwide correspondence. It must be comprehended that globalization has unmistakably changed the world framework and that

Need to Pay for Auto Repairs But Youre Short on Extra Cash Consider All Your Options

Need to Pay for Auto Repairs But Youre Short on Extra Cash Consider All Your Options Need to Pay for Auto Repairs But Youre Short on Extra Cash? Consider All Your Options Need to Pay for Auto Repairs But Youre Short on Extra Cash? Consider All Your OptionsIf you have bad credit and meager savings, you might think that a  predatory no credit check loan is the only way youll get back on the road. Its not.Winter isnt coming. Its here. And much like how the good people of Westeros now have to deal with ice zombies, dragons, and zombie ice dragons, winter arriving can make taking care of your vehicle even more challenging. Ice zombies might not be a big problem for you, but icy roads sure can be.Unless youre well-versed in auto-mechanics, your car breaking down is going to mean paying someone else to repair it. That can get pricey, and fast.Auto repairs are expensive, but people need their cars.For most people, reliable access to transportation is essential for maintaining a job. According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, about 85.4 percent of workers commute to work in an automobile. And while the rate is lower in major cities due to more options for getting around, 45 percent of Americans still don’t have access to public transportation.If your car breaks down, the financial burden is twofold. Repairs can be costly, and 40 percent of Americans don’t have $400 saved to cover an emergency expense. Plus, if you can’t access your vehicle to get to work, you’ll miss out on that needed income as well.Enter predatory payday loans.It’s common for people who have bad credit are short on extra cash to turn to payday loans to cover auto repairs. These short-term, small-dollar loans are quick and easy to obtain, but they carry high interest rates and fees that most borrowers can’t afford, according to research from Pew Charitable Trusts.With payday loans, you typically dont have to undergo a credit check when you apply for one. This might seem like a great boon for folks whose poor credit scores have locked them out from traditional lending institutions. And it really can be, depending on the lenderThe problem with many payday lenders isnt  that they skip traditional credit checks. Its that they dont perform  any  due diligence on their customers and whether or not they can afford the loan theyre borrowing.When your lender doesnt care whether or not you can repay your loan, its all too easy to fall into a predatory cycle of debt. The same doesnt just apply to payday loans, but to  any bad credit loan offered by a lender who doesnt check your ability to repay.If you need your car repaired but are strapped for cash, consider all other options before taking out a risky no credit check loan or cash advance. Here are some of the ways you can get back on the road without sending your finances into a tailspin.Apply for government assistance.The Department of Health Human Services in each state offers assistance to low-income families for a variety of needs. Only a few states provide car repair assistance, but other programs can help defray costs that will help you save more of your income for an emergency.Check your eligibility for healthcare assistance, food assistance, and housing assistance at your local office or state’s website.Ask family or friends for help.It can be difficult to ask for help, but getting financial assistance from a friend or family member will likely be the quickest option that’s feasible for you to pay back. Explain your situation and why you need the money.If you ask respectfully and demonstrate a repayment plan, you might be surprised to find people willing to assist you, especially in the case of an emergency.Contact a charitable organization.There are many local and national nonprofit organizations that assist low-income families with low-interest loans and grants for a car purchase or repair, and some that even donate free cars. The following resources may help:Free Charity CarsCars 4 ChristmasGood News GarageWorking Cars for Working FamiliesTake out a lower-cost loan.If you can’t get a low-cost personal loan or charitable grant, consider other options that are less costly than payday and title loans. You can try applying for a credit card or talking to local banks or credit unions about low-interest loan options.Many local credit unions offer Payday Alternative Loans (PALs) that would be a great fit for your situation. However, you have to have been a member of the credit union for one month in order to apply for one. Joining a credit union  now  so that you can access a PAL later would be a  wise financial decision.If you have bad credit and can’t access these alternatives, you could also consider taking out an installment loan to cover your auto repair. These loans have longer terms and lower interest rates than payday loans. Spreading out the cost of your loan also means smaller, more manageable payments that are usually easier to repay.The right installment loan could also help your credit. Installment lenders like OppLoans report online loan payments to the credit bureaus, something that most payday lenders dont do. This m eans that on-time payments get recorded on your credit report. Your payment history is the single biggest factor in determining your score.Plan ahead.The best way to pay for a car repair is to avoid borrowing altogether. This will mean building up an emergency fund that you can tap when times are tough and you need cash fast.Once your car is fixed and you’re back to work, set up a budget and savings plan or secure additional income to prepare for future emergencies.Better yet, start building your emergency fund  now  while your car is running perfectly fine. That way, youll be prepared for when disaster strikes.Wed compare it to how the people on  Game of Thrones built The Wall to keep out the ice zombies which it did! Now, it didnt keep out the zombie ice dragon, sure, but thats not something youll have to worry about. Anyway, this metaphors falling apart. Drive safe!To learn more about how you can improve your financial situation, check out  these related posts and articles fro m OppLoans:A Beginner’s Guide to Budgeting8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackYour Guide to Escaping a Debt Trap8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterHave a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN  |Instagram

Frank Darabont s Corrupt Film Adaptation Of The Green Mile

Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen of the Literary and Media Arts Festival. In today’s session, Novel to Film Adaptations – Empowering the Marginalised Perspective, Frank Darabont’s corrupt film adaptation of, The Green Mile, will be exposed as a blatant juxtaposition of Paul Edgecombe’s journal on which it is based. Through the film, audiences are invited to follow the disturbing experiences and happenings upon the green mile in 1932 at the Cold Mountain Penitentiary death row as articulated in Mr. Edgecombe’s journal. The film constructs Percy Wetmore as cruel, malevolent and aggressive, however, this is contrasted by the reality presented in the journal, through which he portrays characteristics of dedication, determination, and†¦show more content†¦Additionally, the written evidence at no point claims or even insinuates that Percy ever raised his baton or even acknowledged Delacroix in this scene, whilst the film has an extensive exhi bition of him ruthlessly attacking Delacroix, this is a complete fabrication. The evident web of lives through which Darabont has portrayed Percy in his film in an attempt to convince audiences he is corrupt when the reality reveals he was diligent and dedicated, this is, therefore, a complete misrepresentation of people and events. The Squashing of Mr. Jingles is a scene in the film which cleverly appeals to the emotions of audiences, and is particularly significant as it further establishes the demonization of Percy. In this particular scene, a low camera angle, confronting sound effects and elusive dialogue are all deployed in the misrepresentation of Mr. Wetmore. Audiences follow a low and deceptive camera angle of Mr. Jingles, whom is nothing more than common vermin, running across the corridor of the Green Mile, when Percy’s foot is shown emerging unexpectedly from above before he step’s on the mouse, with an overdramatised loud crack upon impact, he follows up this action with the words in a malicious tone, â€Å"I knew I’d get him sooner or later. Just a matter of time, really.† Whilst,

Oral Hygiene And The Disease Of Diabetes - 841 Words

Abstract Dental Hygienists have an enormous amount of problems with their patients, one problem being that their patients have diabetes. Patients don t realize that if they have diabetes they are more susceptible to getting serious gum disease. Studies have shown that 90-95% of patients have Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082158). The goal of this problem is for patients to not accrue the disease of diabetes by taking care of their oral hygiene. The relevance of this topic is for patients to know the importance of their oral hygiene and what can happen to their health. Hygienists can approach this problem by explaining the complications, for instance xerostomia, thrush, burning†¦show more content†¦Like I mentioned above patients can get xerostomia, thrush, and burning mouth or tongue. As a Dental Hygienists, it is your responsibility to maintain the periodontal disease and educate your patients. Discussion Having Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with oral infections. A major oral infection that will be discussed is periodontal disease. Periodontal disease and Diabetes Mellitus have a two-way relationship; periodontal disease is the sixth most common complication of Diabetes Mellitus and DM is the strongest risk factor for periodontal disease (http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082158). A risk factor that can occur from diabetes is xerostomia; this is the condition of not having enough saliva to keep the mouth wet (http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/oralhealth/Topics/DryMouth/). As a dental hygienist, you should be concerned because this increases the chances of accumulating an oral infection. Xerostomia can be treated depending on the starting point of your dry mouth. A hygienist should inform the patient about the treatments that can be done to help their xerostomia because its a symptom of high sugar levels. With a dry mouth, the patient could have diabetes and being in the health profession you need to be cautious of your surroundings. This is one important role a hygienist has to deal with, with a patient that has diabetes. Another problem a hygienist can come in contact with

Essay The Pact - 1319 Words

The Pact With Teacher Comments To say that I have a personal connection with any of the authors of â€Å"The Pact† (Books should be underlined or in italics, but not in quotatations) would be a stretch at best. From the time before my very first breath, my life has been completely different. Throughout the years, my life further diverged, until you examine our (maybe use â€Å"my† instead of â€Å"our† – makes the connection to yourself) college years. Despite the differences, many similarities can be found just by taking a look at events, rather than situations. These situations (events – you said to focus on the events rather than the situations) are my connection to â€Å"The Pact†. The families of the three authors had all been relatively†¦show more content†¦When he sold it, he was able to get a broken motorcycle, and repaired it, until he worked to own his first Corvette. The skills he acquired financed his first year of college as an aerospace engineer. After finding that the industry was basically flooded, and would not expect a rewarding career, he intended to temporarily drop out, and change directions. Shortly after he dropped out, he received word that he was being drafted by the military. He struck a deal with the Navy that would send him to â€Å"New Power† school, which was a rigorous nuclear engineering school. He had intended to stay away from the fighting, and by using his brain he was able to. He was given a position as a nuclear engineer onboard the sister ship The Enterprise, and I believe on a nuclear weapons development program, but that information remains classified. Outside of the military, he worked for nuclear power plants, and earned a Professional Engineering Degree â€Å"PE† in electrical engineering, and had taught himself enough to be able to get one in mechanical engineering, and aerospace engineering. 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Robert De Niro Essay Example For Students

Robert De Niro Essay I found two different sections during the movie, that sum up what my main paper is going to be about. The civil rights movement during the 1960s, and Robert De Niro as an actor and as a director.  Throughout the entire movie, Calogeros friends all hate the black people that live on the other side of town. They hate their music, and the way they dress, and they dont want them coming through their neighborhood. In the beginning of the movie when Calogero and his two friends are sitting on his stoop, the bus comes by, and there is a black boy on the bus. Calogeros two friends run after the bus, harassing the boy. Throughout the movie Calogero is the only one out of all of his friends that stands up for the black people, and says that they arent bothering him or his friends, so his friends should leave them alone. In the middle of the movie, Calogeros friends are sitting outside in their social group, and a couple of black boys on bicycles ride by on the street. Calogeros friends grab the boys off of their bicycles and beat them up. The police come, and his friends run. Later that day, Calogero finds out that one of the boys that was beaten up was the brother of Jane; the girl that Calogero met on the bus. One of the final scenes in the movie shows the turbulence of the sixties, and what hatred went on between the races. Calogeros friends ride into the black part of town, and set fire to a store. As they ride away a black man throws a stick that is on fire into the car. The boys have a flammable substance in the car, and the car explodes, and all of Calogeros friends are killed. I like this scene because it shows what happens when a dislike for someone goes too far. Calogeros friends didnt like the black people because his friends were afraid they were going to take over the neighborhood. Their hate for these people went so far, that they wanted to kill them. Calogeros friends were looking at guns one day, and one of the boys picked up a gun saying Im gonna shoot someone one day. These boys were anxious to get these people out of the way, so they wouldnt have to worry about them invading their neighborhood. Romantic music is played as they walk down the street holding hands. The scene is very dark, with just the overhead street lights. Short dialogue, with no long speeches. Camera follows from the front of them, so they are walking towards the camera. Camera focuses on one person at a time as they speak. Jane reaches over to open car door in slow motion, when Calogero opens door for her, his shadow reflects on the car. Calogeros friends drive into neighborhood, shot comes from point of view of person driving car. All of sudden the music changes the James Brown. Music continues to play throughout the entire scene of store being shot at and torn up. Many cuts throughout the scene of various places being destroyed. Many sound effects of broken glass, and shattering windows. Bright colors contrasted against the dark night sky. Colors of fire, and bright Tiffanys lamps. As the fire comes into the car, there is slow motion. Continuous scene of guys on fire in the car, showing different angles, two shots of car exploding. Music changes, becomes very comber. Lights of police and ambulances fill the sky with colors of red and yellow. No structure of people, everyone together gathered in chaos. .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed , .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed .postImageUrl , .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed , .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed:hover , .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed:visited , .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed:active { border:0!important; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed:active , .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5e66e5bbef5e4d2b870c681cde474ed:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Movie Analysis - Fury EssayThe next scene I chose to do, is Lorenzo and Calogero on the bus. Calogero always used to ride the bus with his father, and this scene shows them going all the way to city island, which is the last stop. It shows them spending time together, and developes the father-son relationship even more.  It is filmed on location as you see, the water and the boardwalk in the back round.. Soft music is playing. Calogero is the narrator during the scene. When riding in the bus, you have the window to look out of, and at the same time you have the mirror, to see what is passing by too. Back round music, now becomes the baseball game on the radio. Shot of Lorenzo looking through mirror to see Sonny and his friends. Shot of Lorenzo and Johnny Whispers from overhead mirror on bus. Scene changes to nighttime, with Lorenzo and his wife on their terrace. Music plays softly, with the camera focusing on one person at a time. Shot goes inside house where you hear voices of people downstairs at funeral, and you see Calogero, but hear him as a narrator. Shot changes to Calogero in confession, shows gate between the priest and Calogero. The scene ends with Calogero running out of the Church, very happy that he got an easy punishment.

Fruit and Vegetables Essay Example

Fruit and Vegetables Essay Give your views on the in-store retailing of fruit and vegetables taking into account the high perishability and competitive pricing for F amp; V, in organised sector retail stores/formats such as Reliance Fresh (Reliance Retail), Food World (Dairy Farm)and More in Indian metro cities? Storage of fruit and vegetables The storage of fruits and vegetables in a store is to extend the life. Storage helps in reducing biochemical change in fresh Famp;V. Cold storage slows down the growth of contaminating micro organisms. After harvest season they can achieve higher sale. Controlled atmosphere in cold store: To extend the life of crop cold, stores reduces the level of oxygen in the atmosphere. It slows down spoiling of F amp; V and also destroys insects. More over different type of crops require different atmospheres for good storage. They need to be independently assessed. In some fruits and vegetables off-flavor or discoloration can occurs, if oxygen concentration is too low. The store has to be fully used, so the cost of maintenance has to be optimized. The cost of setting up a controlled atmosphere store and the cost of monitoring the gas composition are both high. We will write a custom essay sample on Fruit and Vegetables specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fruit and Vegetables specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fruit and Vegetables specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Completion required by different crops, and there may be competition from production areas that have the different harvest season. Cold storages causes little change to quality or nutritional value. Over long time storage, incorrect temperature and damage to crops can significant changes, including browning and weight loss due to evaporation of water from crops. Loss of vitamin C in fruit and vegetables depend on temperature management after harvest. For leafy vegetables losses are also accelerated by bruising and other injuries and by excessive trimming. Crops for cold storage: Most crops are likely to contain contaminants, to have parts that are inedible, or to have variable shape or size. To have uniformly high quality for sale in the fresh market sector, it is necessary to clean, sort and grade the crop before cooling and cold storage. It is important to remove ‘field heat’ from crops as quickly as possible after harvest. Before crops are placed in cold storage field heat reduces their metabolic activity, reduces the growth of bacteria and other losses like water and weight. It also reduces the lode on cold store refrigeration system. A simple method is to pick the either early in morning when it is cool or late in the evening and leave it to cool overnight. Hydrocooling is used to rapidly cool produce. Vegetables and fruits are sprayed with or submerged in chilled water produced by a refrigeration unit. Ice can be used to make cold water, when they are transporting. Many fruit products are packed in to wooden crates, mesh bags or perforated metal bin that are stacked on pallets to cause water to flow through. Fruit and vegetables are not damaged during harvest time. Crops should be harvested carefully using a sharp stainless steel blade and should not be placed on the ground where they could pick up dirt. Crops should be handled carefully and as little as possible. The best option is to prepare crops in the field and place them carefully in the containers that are also used in the cold store. This reduces the amount of handling and keeps damage to a minimum. Dirty crops can introduce insects, pests and moulds into the cold store, which will then damage good quality. ome fruit and vegetables should have their outer leaves removed before sale. Depending n the requirements of customers, it may also be to grade crops so that Fruit and vegetables that have similar size, maturity or color are together. Soaking is used for cleaning heavily contaminated root crops to remove soil and stones. For delicate foods such as strawberries or asparagus, or products that can trap dirt internally (e. g. cele ry), air can be ‘sparged’ through the water to increase cleaning efficiency. Spray washing using drum washers or belt washers is used for many types of crops. Larger foods are rotated so that the whole surface is sprayed, and some equipment has brushes or flexible rubber discs that gently clean the food surfaces. Flotation washing exploits the difference in the density of foods to separate contaminants. Foods that float in water (especially fruits or root crops), are separated from contaminating soil, stones or rotten crops that sink. There are 4 different types of hydro coolers. 1 Batch hydro coolers have bins of produce loaded into an enclosure and hilled water is sprayed over the product, collected, re- cooled and recycled. 2 Conveyor hydro-cooling, pass containers of produce under a shower of chilled water a conveyor belt. However, because of the higher cost, this equipment must operate for long periods in a year to be economically justified. 3 in immersion hydro-coolers, crates of produce are by a submerged conveyor through a large chilled water. 4 truck hydro coolers, involves loading produce into an enclosed trailer and inserting perforated pipes above the load. These produce shower of chilled water, re-cooled and recycled. After cooling,pipes are removed and the produce is transported. There are many cooling equipment are available commercially. These are designed for high production rates and expensive. Operation of a cold store: Packing systems: To load and unload products easily and safely a packing system is required in store. Under this system a more complicated system using rack and trays. The store lay out needs to be simple and clearly understood by operators so that product can be loaded and removed easily and quickly. The products are moved easily when full of fruit and vegetables are in one shelf. To maintain the airflow around crates, a 60 cm gap should be left between the storeroom walls and the crates, and a 90 cm gap between the crates, the ceiling and the refrigeration unit design of crate that is suitable for cold stores. Temperature at shelf: Cold stores are cooled by circulation of cold air produced by refrigeration units. All cold stores should lower the temperature of crops as quickly as possible through the ‘warm zone’ 50 –gt; 10 °C. Where maximum growth of micro-organisms occurs. Not all foods can be chilled to low temperatures and some tropical, subtropical and temperate fruits suffer from ‘chilling injury’ at 3 10 °C. This causes a range of effects, including browning or discolouration, the development of off-flavours and excessive softening. The storage temperature always has to be above the minimum temperature and care is needed to set the store thermostat so that the cooling system does not produce any oscillation in temperature below the minimum temperature. It can be seen from Table 2 that there are basically three groups of fruit and vegetables: those stored at 0 4 °C; those stored at 4 8 °C; and those that require a storage temperature above 8 °C. For storage of mixed crops in a single cold store it is important that the crops should have similar temperature requirements. Pricing: The increase in the price of fruits and vegetables relative to less healthy foods could reduce consumers to purchase fruits and vegetables. Such a change in relative price and incentives has difficult to prove because of substantial quality improvement in many fresh fruit and vegetables. For commonly consumed fruit and vegetables for which quality has remained fairly constant, analysis of price tends reveals price decline to that of dessert and snack foods. this price trend evidence suggests that the price of a healthy dite has not changed relative to an unhealthy one, although a healthy diet might not include every fresh fruit or vegetable currently available. Price of partially prepared or ready to eat vegetables may be more expensive that unprepared vegetable. The price difference can be large as the value consumers assign to what otherwise be their own kitchen work. The added cost of washing, peeling, chopping, cutting , mixing and bagging is incurred by marketers lead to consumers in form of higher prices. Its also possible that costs for these services might rise at a different than costs for the agricultural commodity. For example : if the processing costs and other marketing services have risen faster than farm prices, it would follow tht retail prices may rise faster for value-added food than for more traditional fruit and vegetables. Relative prices have changed Consumers may value on the increased variety of food available as well as on the conveience of these foods. If we could net out the value of the improved quality, we hold quality constant and price comparisons. To remove the value of quality improvements from price comparisons, the price of the improved product would have to be adjusted down by the value consumer place of the improvement. Most of the price statistics do not incorporated the notion. Changes in price of many different foods is an alternative to examining price indices. our approach is to look at price of many foods that have not undergone substantial quality change. Foods considered for selection must have been commonly consumed in the 1980s. A long time series on the price of each food must also be available. Since we chose foods that we hope did not change much, we cannot extrapolate our results to all food prices. The food prices we examine are not representative of all food prices. However, results will point to whether relative prices have changed. BLS reports monthly retail prices going back to 1980 for many specific f oods, such as Red Delicious apples and broccoli. This report uses a subset of the U. S. city average price series. An attractive feature of these data is that BLS maintains each price series as long as its probability-based sampling generates sufficient observations to report prices reliably. With long time series, researchers can also see how relative prices have changed over time and how consumers’ ability and incentive to choose a healthy diet may have changed. Long time series reveal consumers’ changing ability and incentive to alter dietary quality without being confounded by unusual or unique, shortrun events (like a freeze in California’s Central Valley that leads to a temporary short supply of oranges and unusually high prices). There are many reasons why the price trends we examine might display different patterns than the price indices. First, even if we interpret trends in price indices as conclusive evidence that Americans pay more annually for fresh fruits and vegetables, that the index for fresh fruits and vegetables has been rising means only that many fresh fruit and vegetable prices have been rising. The rising index does not necessarily mean that prices for all fresh fruits and vegetables are rising equally. Like any average, the index is composed of a diverse set of movements. Second, we will be examining average price trends for foods with relatively less quality change than newer fresh fruit and vegetable products. More traditional foods embody a smaller quantity of marketing inputs than do the newer foods, which are likely to comprise a growing share of the CPI. Another factor may be that BLS accounts differently for changes in the economy, such as the mix of retail outlets at which consumers shop, when calculating price indices and average price data. Many analysts have argued that the growth of â€Å"big box† retailers, like Wal-Mart, has dampened infla-tionary price increases, but that effect is not fully incorporated in the CPI (see Reinsdorf, 1993; Leibtag, 2006). Using household purchase data, Leibtag (2006) shows that for a wide class of dairy foods, eggs, and butter/margarine, the CPI yielded larger estimates of price inflation than did average price data. In metro cities of India rapid ncrease of hostels, apartment, groceries, Eating outs, petro prices, transport, communications, shopping and other general stuffs are increasing more in these days. The cost of living of people is increasing day by day due to increase in food prices and other relative prices. Exports of food and vegetables in India is increasing more. Wholesale and retail profit and price varies in different metro cities of India. The demand for high value commodities particularly fruits, vegetables and milk would go up significantly during 2010 and 2 020 in India.

Free Essays on Idea Of Masculinity And Physical Condition

Idea of Masculinity and Physical Condition In today's society, there is a lot of pressure on young men to be in the best physical condition possible. The idea of masculinity seems to be related to the picture of a perfect man with bulging muscles that excels in sports. A boy growing up who does not make the football or baseball team is ridiculed and tormented by his classmates and is labeled as a "nerd" or a "loser". These images of the macho man are put in adolescent boys heads mainly by the media. They see the Arnold Schwaztanagers and other muscle men and grow up thinking that is what they have to look like in order to get a good-looking girlfriend or to be popular. Movies portray the big strong man as the one in charge, and the one with all the ladies. Strength has become symbolic of not only Masculinity, but of power and sexuality. The main problem with this image is that not all children can live up to it. A boy with an illness such as asthma or diabetes may look fine, but is not able to perform as well athletically than his classmates. The boy will often end up hating himself and pushing harder than he is physically able in order to perform as well as his peers. This is not only dangerous to the physical well - being of the child, but can also mentally harm him when he realizes he will never be as quick or as strong as the rest of the boys. Along with peer pressure comes pressure from the gym teachers or coaches. They always want to push the extra step, but sometime that extra step is unattainable. The only way that a child with a disability can cope with this is to realize that just because he is not athletic does not make him any less masculine. Some boys that do not even take interest in sports pretend to, just so they are not labeled as "weird" or "gay". They act like they enjoy watching football games with dad or basketball games with his friends, even though he would rather be reading or writing. Ju... Free Essays on Idea Of Masculinity And Physical Condition Free Essays on Idea Of Masculinity And Physical Condition Idea of Masculinity and Physical Condition In today's society, there is a lot of pressure on young men to be in the best physical condition possible. The idea of masculinity seems to be related to the picture of a perfect man with bulging muscles that excels in sports. A boy growing up who does not make the football or baseball team is ridiculed and tormented by his classmates and is labeled as a "nerd" or a "loser". These images of the macho man are put in adolescent boys heads mainly by the media. They see the Arnold Schwaztanagers and other muscle men and grow up thinking that is what they have to look like in order to get a good-looking girlfriend or to be popular. Movies portray the big strong man as the one in charge, and the one with all the ladies. Strength has become symbolic of not only Masculinity, but of power and sexuality. The main problem with this image is that not all children can live up to it. A boy with an illness such as asthma or diabetes may look fine, but is not able to perform as well athletically than his classmates. The boy will often end up hating himself and pushing harder than he is physically able in order to perform as well as his peers. This is not only dangerous to the physical well - being of the child, but can also mentally harm him when he realizes he will never be as quick or as strong as the rest of the boys. Along with peer pressure comes pressure from the gym teachers or coaches. They always want to push the extra step, but sometime that extra step is unattainable. The only way that a child with a disability can cope with this is to realize that just because he is not athletic does not make him any less masculine. Some boys that do not even take interest in sports pretend to, just so they are not labeled as "weird" or "gay". They act like they enjoy watching football games with dad or basketball games with his friends, even though he would rather be reading or writing. Ju...

Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Answers - Essay Example I plan to apply the OSHA program skills leant in my daily life, starting from my home to my future employment. If I was working in a group on a project and another member of the group was not performing their duties, I would handle the situation via verbal warning. If the group member would still not heed to the warning, I would give him or her a written warning, and if no change is seen; then dismissal of the individual. I would first communicate with the supervisor explaining the situation, and alerting that I would be late in delivering the weekly report due to the given pressing circumstances. Next, I would handle the situation at hand. This is because the report can wait, but the situation might be a life threatening one, which must be dealt with immediately. Root-cause analysis is a fishbone structural analysis useful in shaping the source of the issue and prevents reoccurrence. In root cause analysis, investigation of possible source of the problem is broken down as: man, machine, environment, and

Mans Relationship to other Life Forms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mans Relationship to other Life Forms - Essay Example Even though concepts and theories differ among various creation myths, man's teaching and attributes in its entirety are initially concerned with his direct individual experiences. Man is well regarded for his impressive knowledge, and because of this God distributed blessings like other life forms to the humans for their benefit. This creation myth according to the Bible has been connected by a number of historical references, wherein man is charged with or linked with having a critical responsibility in the survival of other created life forms. The Bible mentions that the correlation between man's critical thinking and the execution of logical reasoning in order to take care of the other created life forms is clearly relevant. In every case, it is essential for every person to think critically and execute logical decisions so that they will be able to attain excellent results in their decisions. It was a procedure that man attained and learned only through perseverance, dedication, and a dynamic desire towards learning. The relationship of aspects such as religion, superstition, beliefs and customs are most the time connected to man's responsibility of taking care of other created life forms.

The Anatomy Of The Larynx And Its Role In Phonation

The Anatomy Of The Larynx And Its Role In Phonation Why are hoarseness and change to the pitch of the voice possible complications of thyroid surgery? Complications of thyroid surgery resulting in hoarseness and changes to the pitch of the voice are a result of injury to the laryngeal nerves. Laryngeal nerve damage can have an adverse effect on the muscles that move the vocal folds (cords), hence affecting the quality of voice. Although incidence of nerve injury during thyroid operations has decreased over the last two decades(*), appropriate precautions are routinely implemented during thyroid surgery, to minimise nerve damage. The thyroid vessels are closely associated with the laryngeal nerves. Therefore, an important consideration in achieving successful thyroid surgery is the detailed understanding of the anatomy and physiology (*) of the larynx and thyroid, coupled with the surgical approach itself. Anatomy of the larynx and its role in phonation The larynx is a highly intricate organ (Figure 1) which consists of a network of cartilage, intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, and connective tissue. It is situated in the anterior side of the neck in line with the third and sixth cervical vertebrae1. The cartilages found in the laryngeal wall are the single thyroid, epiglottis and cricoid cartilages, of which the thyroid is the largest cartilage; and the paired arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages. The arytenoid cartilages have vocal process to provide the sites of attachment for the vocal ligament, thereby permitting opening and closing movement of the vocal folds in phonation. Thus the larynx plays an important role in phonation in speech. The vocal folds (true vocal cords) are the wedge-shaped structures that protrude from the lateral surfaces of the larynx, creating a narrow aperture across their air passage known as the rima glottidis. Sound is produced when the adductor muscles such as the cricoarytenoid muscle contract. The vocal folds are then brought closer together which closes the rima glottidis thereby providing high resistance to exhaled air from the lungs. Air is then forced through the bottom edge of the vocal cord followed by the upper edge. As air passes through the vocal folds the air pressure decreases producing a Bernouli Effect* which causes the lower edge to close followed by the upper edge and finally closing the vocal folds back together. Closure of the vocal folds produces smooth, regular vibrations that create sound. Sound is then converted to voice by vocal tract resonators which shape the sound to produce various resonances. Changes to the pitch of voice depend on the degree of tension and length of the vocal folds. Alterations to pitch are largely due to actions of intrinsic laryngeal muscles, namely the cricothyroid muscle. The cricothyroid muscle stretches the vocal ligaments by raising the arch of the cricoid cartilage and tilting the lamina backwards (*) and thereby increasing the tension and length of the vocal folds (*). Therefore, contraction of the cricothyroid muscle abducts the vocal folds so that when they vibrate, high pitched sound is produced. By contrast, production of lower pitch sounds require the vocal folds to adduct, narrowing the rima glottidis and thus decreasing vocal fold muscular tension. Nerve supply to the larynx relations to thyroid gland Below the larynx lies the thyroid gland which is one of the larger endocrine glands with an abundant vascular system. The thyroid gland descends to the anterior region of the neck located deep to the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles from the level of C5-T1 (*). It consists of two lateral lobes connected by the isthmus that lie on the left and right side of the trachea. There may also be a small pyramidal lobe which has its superior end ascending from the isthmus towards the oblique line. A thin fibrous capsule encompasses the thyroid gland which expands into deeper parenchyma (*) of the gland. The capsule combines with the cricoid cartilage by dense connective tissue forming the suspensory ligament of Berry. Once the ligament of Berry is formed, the RLN can gain access into the larynx (*). Innervation of the larynx is important in the transmission of nerve impulses to and from the brain. The vagus nerve innervates the larynx via the external and internal laryngeal nerves, which are collectively terminal branches of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), and via the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Most intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by the RLN except for cricothyroid muscle which is supplied by the external LN. The external LN descends on the outer fascia of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (*) in close association with the superior thyroid artery. The external LN can in rare occasions (*) run beneath the sternothyroid muscle, in its course, towards the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage to innervate the cricothyroid muscle. Interestingly, the connection of the artery and nerve is highly variable and new variations have been documented(*): for example, Type 1 anatomy shows the nerve crosses the superior thyroid vessels equal to, or greater than one centimetre superior to the thyroid pole. The internal LN provides sensory fibres to the larynx and the laryngopharynx after penetrating the thyrohyoid membrane. The internal LN further divides into the superior, middle and inferior branches before entering the larynx. The RLN has close contact posterior laterally (*) with the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. It is termed recurrent because it retrogrades in the chest and continues superiorly back into the neck (*). A close association exists between the superior region of the RLN and the inferior thyroid artery. Like the SLN and the superior artery, this relationship is highly variable. The RLN can be found anterior, posterior, or through the branches of the inferior thyroid artery. The course of the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves of the RLN reaches the larynx through slightly different routes. The right recurrent LN reaches the larynx after looping around the right subclavian artery and ascending at an oblique angle in the tracheosophageal groove (*). The nerve pierces the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx before entering the larynx. The left RLN route differs by looping posteriorly around the aortic arch, but like the right RLN, it ascends in the tracheosophageal groove (*) until reaches the larynx via the inferior constrictor muscle. The two main divisions of the RLN are the anterior and posterior branches. The anterior branch supplies motor fibres to all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles with the exception of cricothyroid( which is supplied by the external LN). The posterior branch is predominantly sensory and transports the sensory fibres from the larynx and laryngopharynx(*). Injury to laryngeal nerves during thyroid surgery The laryngeal nerves carry a high risk for injury during thyroid surgery which manifests voice problems such as changes in pitch and hoarseness. It is well documented that thyroidectomy is the most common cause of injury to the external LN (*). The close relationship that exists between the external LN and the superior thyroid artery predisposes the external LN to injury when the artery is clamped during thyroid surgery. Injury to the external LN results in paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle, coordinator of the vocal folds. Patients with external LN damage lose the ability to forcefully project their voice and additionally lose their upper voice register. This is due to loss of function of the cricothyroid muscle to alter the tension of the vocal folds. Occasionally, the voice becomes monotonous in character. The effects of injury to the external LN are generally subtle and unnoticeable in patients except for those whose careers largely depend on the use of their normal voice such as professional singers and orators(*). Voice function returns to normal after a few months after surgery unless injury to the external LN is permanent. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is still of major concern in thyroid surgery, as it is the most frequent post-thyroidectomy complication (*). Injury to the RLN frequently results from common surgical techniques such as suturing, crushing and ligating the nerve and its neighbouring branches. The clamping of the RLN together with the inferior thyroid artery during surgery can severely damage the RLN due to the close proximity of the RLN to the inferior thyroid artery. Seeing as the main functions of the RLN is to innervate the laryngeal muscles and permit abduction and adduction of the vocal folds, injury of the nerve results in paralysis of the vocal fold. In unilateral RLN paralysis, where for example the RLN is completely transacted (*), the voice immediately becomes hoarse because the paralysed vocal fold assumes a paramedian position. The lack of nerve supply results in cord flaccidty in which the paralysed vocal fold gradually atrophies. In addition, the vocal fold is unable to adduct for phonation, and abduct for deep breathing causing inadequate closure of the rima glottidis. Therefore, air will escape during phonation thereby leading to dysphonia (hoarseness). Dysphonia may either stay permanent or decline over time (*).Bilateral lesion of the RLN, however, has more serious complications. The patient with bilateral paralysis have both vocal cords in a paramedian position (*) and cannot be abducted upon inspiration leading to airway obstruction. As a result the patient exhibits biphasic stridor (*) which causes a high-pitched voice and noisy breathing. In the rare occasions the vocal fold will remain permanently paralysed after thyroid surgery and patients may experience a complete loss of voice. Possible techniques to minimise nerve damage Preventing inadvertent injury to the SLN and RLN is crucial in achieving successful thyroid operations which maintains the patients quality of voice. Intraoperative neuromonitoring of the laryngeal nerves is a way of identifying and monitoring the course of the RLN and SLN and thus, preventing its iatrogenic injury during surgery. Patients with unilateral paralysis of the RLN can undergo ansa-RLN reinnervation. Reinnervation restores tone and bulk to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and hence restores a relatively normal voice,without interfering with the vocal fold function or structure. Conclusion The laryngeal nerves are branches of the vagus nerve. With the exception of the cricothryoid muscle, the RLN innervates the laryngeal muscles which coordinate the vocal folds for phonation. Evidently, the relationship between the RLN and the SLN and the laryngeal muscles are of great importance because damage to the laryngeal nerves result in changes in voice quality. The close relationship between the thyroid vessels and the laryngeal nerves is a primary reason why meticulous techniques are essential in thyroid surgery, to minimise injury to the laryngeal nerves and prevent voice complications. Surgical management of the complications in thyroid surgery have recently experienced great improvements(*) which safely restore the patients normal voice improving their everday life. Fig.1 Anterior and posterior view of the larynx6 Fig2. (Left) anterior view of thyroid gland http://www.trifoundation.com/gfx/ Thyroid_Diagram.jpg REFERENCES Drake,R.L.,Vogl,W and Mitchell, A W M Grays Anatomy for medical students.Elsevier, Churchill, Livingstone 2005 Tortora, G.J., Derrickson,B, Prezbindowski,K.S. Learning guide: Principles of anatomy and physiology, eleventh edition , Wiley 2006 Bliss, R.D., Gauger, P.G and Delbridge, L.W. Surgeons approach to the thyroid gland: surgical anatomy and the importance of technique. World journal of Surgery 24 (8) 891-897, 2000 Chan,W.F.,Lang,B.H.H. and Lo,C.Y.The role of intraoperative neuromonitoring of recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy: a comparative study on 1000 nerves at risk. Surgery 140 (6) 866-873,2006 Lee,W.T., Milstein,C.,Hicks,D.,Akst, L.M. and Esclamado, R.M. Results of ansa to recurrent laryngeal nerve innervation. Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, 136(5) 450-454, 2007 Moore,K.L and Dalley, A.F. Clinically orientated anatomy.5th edition Lippincott Williams Wilkins 2006 Gosling, J.A, Harris P.F., Whitemore, I, Willan P.L.T. Human anatomy color atlas and text,fourth edition, Mosby 2002 Kumar P, Clark M, Clinical Medicine, sixth edition, Elsevier Saunders 2005 Tenta,L.T, Keyes G.R., The otolaryngologic clinics of north America. Volume 13/Number 1, February 1980 www.blackwell-synergy.com http://www.gbmc.org/voice/anatomyphysiologyofthelarynx.cfm Braverman L.E, Utiger R.D , Werner Ingbars the thyroid : a fundamental and clinical text, 8th ed. c2000

Quality Teachers in the American Education System :: philosophy of education, descriptive

Lately, it seems every time you pick up a newspaper it contains a story on the inadequacy of our nation’s educational system. Society is forever blaming its woes, from not being able to multiply to not being able to balance a checkbook, on a bad teacher. We all, at sometime in our education, have had to sit through the boredom and uncertainty of teachers like Christian Zowodniak’s freshman English teacher, Jeff. Teachers like Jeff made it appear that our teaching universities are turning out unqualified teachers, but this is not the case. Mediocre teachers get into the education profession for all the wrong reasons: from having summers off, to having good health insurance coverage, to having good work hours. Hopefully, these teachers quickly "burn-out" and seek employment in other professions. Unfortunately, many of them stay and become passive, unconcerned teachers, much like Zowodniak’s Jeff. Surely, we have encountered more good teachers than bad ones in our years of education. Yet, we are quick to point out the flaws of our education system and to complain about poor teachers. But seldom do we praise our greatest asset, our excellent teachers. I would like to tell you about an excellent teacher, Mrs. Joan Beers . Mrs. Beers, my senior English teacher, loves teaching. Her love for her profession is reflected in her method of teaching her students, in her method of addressing her students’ different learning styles, and in her method of assessing her students. Like Jeff, many of my high school teachers used a passive approach to teaching. The bell rang, and the teacher stood behind a podium with a notebook bulging with lecture notes. Facing her was a roomful of eager students, with notebooks opened and pens poised. Our learning consisted of a fifty-five minute lecture on grammar, during which the teacher verbally delivered reams of facts and examples, and we busily recorded her every word. We learned these bits of information and recited them word for word at exam time. The passive teacher graded us only on our ability to recall at exam time. Mrs. Beers, on the other hand, used a more active, student-centered approach to her teaching. She began class with a five minute discussion on prepositions. Then, she divided the class into small groups of three to four students and handed each student a current newspaper. Quality Teachers in the American Education System :: philosophy of education, descriptive Lately, it seems every time you pick up a newspaper it contains a story on the inadequacy of our nation’s educational system. Society is forever blaming its woes, from not being able to multiply to not being able to balance a checkbook, on a bad teacher. We all, at sometime in our education, have had to sit through the boredom and uncertainty of teachers like Christian Zowodniak’s freshman English teacher, Jeff. Teachers like Jeff made it appear that our teaching universities are turning out unqualified teachers, but this is not the case. Mediocre teachers get into the education profession for all the wrong reasons: from having summers off, to having good health insurance coverage, to having good work hours. Hopefully, these teachers quickly "burn-out" and seek employment in other professions. Unfortunately, many of them stay and become passive, unconcerned teachers, much like Zowodniak’s Jeff. Surely, we have encountered more good teachers than bad ones in our years of education. Yet, we are quick to point out the flaws of our education system and to complain about poor teachers. But seldom do we praise our greatest asset, our excellent teachers. I would like to tell you about an excellent teacher, Mrs. Joan Beers . Mrs. Beers, my senior English teacher, loves teaching. Her love for her profession is reflected in her method of teaching her students, in her method of addressing her students’ different learning styles, and in her method of assessing her students. Like Jeff, many of my high school teachers used a passive approach to teaching. The bell rang, and the teacher stood behind a podium with a notebook bulging with lecture notes. Facing her was a roomful of eager students, with notebooks opened and pens poised. Our learning consisted of a fifty-five minute lecture on grammar, during which the teacher verbally delivered reams of facts and examples, and we busily recorded her every word. We learned these bits of information and recited them word for word at exam time. The passive teacher graded us only on our ability to recall at exam time. Mrs. Beers, on the other hand, used a more active, student-centered approach to her teaching. She began class with a five minute discussion on prepositions. Then, she divided the class into small groups of three to four students and handed each student a current newspaper.

Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions in Relation to Organic Foods

Research Proposal Consumer Attitudes and Purchase Intentions in Relation to Organic Foods in Peninsula Malaysia Abstract The aim of this study is to find out the three (3) significant variables forming the positive attitude towards the buying the organic food in Peninsula Malaysia, which eventually lead to the ultimate intention in buying the organically-produced food. The different variables are focused on demographic characteristics on household income, product attributes and lastly the perceived value to the customers. This study shows that the household income is seemingly appeared to be an important predictor among the targeted segmentation in consuming organic food. Organic food attributes such as pricing, availability and environmentally friendliness of such organic food may influence consumer buying decision. Lastly, the perceived value from the customers towards organic food on its health effects, sensory appeal, nutrition-worth and belief of perceived benefits, often play an important role in cultivating the intention towards buying organic food. Introduction and Background of the Study Over the last two decades, there has been a remarkable increase in demand for organic-produced food or products. Organic food is often seen and marketed as health-conscious food which contains fewer contaminants, more nutrients and most importantly having a positive effect on the environment. It is known that some of these attributes are difficult to quantify, with the contrary that some of researcher has proved that they may cause such potential harm during the organic production. The organic market back in 80’s, while remaining a niche sector, has grown to be able to grab a share from the total spending on food in some countries in the recent years. Organic fruit and vegetables are amongst the products which have been expanding in the rapid production. The demand for organically-produced meat and dairy products has undergone the same rapid progress, with a corresponding increase in the need for organically grown forage and feed crops. This has led to a fast growth in consumer demand whereby the organic food sales have managed to gain a significant market share in the conventional food industry. The market for organically produced crops and commodities has become more structured, looking at the increased number of countries which have adopted uniform standards for organic food production. The standardization has also applied in the organic certification and labelling. While both the production and the marketing of the organic cultivation of temperate crops have developed, there is a trend to be seen whereby the developing country’s farmers are actively involved in the organic farming. Problem Statement and Importance of the Research Organic agriculture industry, no doubt, has offers most of the developing countries a wide range of economic, environment, social and cultural benefits. Certifies organic products have now been growing fast and in the mist of entering the global market. Malaysia, on the other hand, is still in the starting spark-point in adapting the organic-food consumption while the developed countries such as North America and Europe have already gained the biggest market share in this newest industry. Due to expanding markets and attractive price premiums, Malaysia should invent and invest in organically-produced food, taking into consideration of various significant variables which may form the consumer behaviour towards organic food. We would like to highlight that the ultimate goal of this study is to understand consumer’s motivations behind organic food products purchases in order to enable organic producers to develop a more effective strategic marketing plan. The results could be used for the marketing planning of organic food products to enable proper marketing strategies, a proper sales channel and promotion to be targeted to these groups of consumers. Research Questions The present study aims to answer the following questions: †¢ What are demographic characteristics of organic food buyers? †¢ How do demographic characteristics affect consumer attitudes towards organic foods? †¢ How product attributes effect consumer attitudes towards organic foods? †¢ How consumer perceived values influence consumer attitudes towards organic foods? What is the relationship between consumers’ attitudes towards organic foods and their intentions to purchase? †¢ How can results of the study be applied by managers and marketers? Research Objectives Regarding to the significance of the growing market of organic foods in the world, and to the previous studies on consumer attitudes towards organic foods and its effects on purch ase intentions in several countries (e. g. Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States and Denmark) we intend to carry out such similar studies in Peninsula Malaysia with objectives as the following: To report the descriptive analysis on the organic buyers’ demographic characteristics †¢ To identify the effects of demographic characteristics (specifically level of households income) on consumer attitudes towards organic foods †¢ To determine effects of product attributes on consumer attitudes towards organic foods †¢ To investigate the relation of consumer perceived values to consumer attitudes towards organic foods †¢ To determine the relationship between consumers’ attitudes towards organic foods and their intentions to purchase †¢ To clarify implications for managers and marketers Literature Review Demographics Based on findings from previous research, demographic characteristics were evaluated as one of the major predictors in gaining intention to purchase the organic food in Peninsula Malaysia. According to Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002), the demographic of consumers consist of various characteristics namely the gender, age, household income and education level. Each element has been contributed in forming the valued attitudes towards buying the organic products. Hence, the demographic characteristics, especially on household income is seemingly significant and being the focus in this research. This will eventually lead to the desired intention in buying such products for daily consumption. Level of Household Income Whilst referring to the studies done in the US, it is seemingly apparent that the demographic variables which herby refer as the income distribution, is significant predictors (Bartels & Reinders, 2009). The research on this particular subject has proven that income positively influenced buying behaviour which in turn may cause the perceived buying behaviour towards the organic food. A same result has shown in Germany as well (Bartels & Reinders, 2009). In Germany, demographic variables such as household income distribution have played an important role in developing significant effect on organic buying behaviour. However, the overall inevitability of the demographic characteristics was relatively different, taking into consideration of research carried in various Western countries. These findings verify the results of earlier studies by Clark & Goldsmith (2006) and Im et al. (2003) proven that the intellectual practice on using the demographic characteristics such as household income distribution and domain specific innovativeness will be seen as strategic tools for market segmentation. In the Western countries, research has identified that the demand and willingness in expenditure on organic goods often affiliated closely with various socioeconomic and demographic variables (Wier et al. , 2008). In addition, Menghi (1997) found that the majority households with middle and higher income levels showed a greater tendency in purchase and consuming organic foods. However, it is shown that almost all of these studies are based upon hypothesized future behaviour rather than observed behaviour in both Denmark and UK. Hence, studies have been carried out by researchers to further invent on the influences of demographic characteristics especially in household income in guiding the intention of buying the organic goods. Through the research it is revealed that higher disposable household income (approximated by total food expenditure) will lead to higher positive intention in purchasing the organic food. Consumers with a lower household income alongside with lower level of education are found to be least likely to have heard of organic agriculture (Roitner-Schobesberger et al. , 2008). On a contrary, those who have a higher income and hold an academic degree are more likely to be the target segmentation in purchasing organic products (Roitner-Schobesberger et al. , 2008). It is also mentioned that the correlation between the household income level is very much linked to the level of education as well. As mentioned by Robinson R. and Smith C. (2002), intended purchases of sustainably produced foods did not differ for demographic characteristics such as household annual income educational attainment. Through the research carried out by Ross NJ. et al. 2000), they have suggested that consumers with a higher earning incomes were more likely to have purchased locally produced food, mainly focus on the organic consumption by various segmentations. Their research and findings were supported earlier by Govindasamy R. and Italia J. (1998) whereby the same results applied. Groups with a higher household income tend to have purchased foods produced with reduced pesticides. In UK particularly, social group is employed as an indicator of income brackets (Wier et al. , 2008). Research has revealed that the tendency in urchase the organic goods seem to increase in accordance to the given social status. However, the highest organic budget shares are observed for middle class households whilst shares in the upper middle class being in fact lower. Quite captivatingly, a similar phenomenon is observed to be happened in Denmark as well. Organic Food Attributes Organic food attributes influence consumer buying decision. Several empirical studies have been performed on customer perceptions of organic food attributes and how they formed the consumer attitudes towards food. In the present research, among different product attributes, we have selected: price of organic food, environmentally friendliness of organic food and organic food availability. Price of Organic Food Organic foods are often of a price premium above conventional products. According to Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) in Thailand the price difference between organic and non-labeled conventional vegetables in Bangkok varied between 50 percent and 170 percent and in some cases even 400 percent. However, in some countries such as Finland there were not significant premium prices for organic foods (Tarkiainen and Sundqvist, 2005). As Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) pointed out that despite the price difference of organic and non-organic food, nearly 60% of the ‘organic buyers’ said that the price of organic products was not a problem. In addition, ‘non-organic buyers’ ranked some other items as a reason of not purchasing organic food rather than higher prices. Chryssohoidis & Krystallis (2005) claimed that while 100 percent of people would prefer organic to conventional products with the assumption of similar price, this percentages dropped by only 20 percent when the same question was posed regardless the higher price of organic food. In other words, higher price is an important obstacle for a limited percentage of consumers. Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) found out that in Bangkok men were more likely to purchase organic foods than women and concluded that it might be due to the reason of men being willing to pay a higher price premium for organic products than women. Similarly, a study in Klang Valey, Malaysia showed that women werre more likely than men to agree that they would purchase more organic foods if they were less expensive (Ahmed, 2010). Additionally, heavy users were on average stage whereby they are willing to pay higher price premiums than medium and light users (Wier et. al, 2008). Environmentally friendliness of organic food Consumers are getting more conscious and concerned with the consumption of chemical substance used in farming and preserving environment is becoming a strong attitude among consumers. According to Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005), subjective norms’ effect on attitudes has been mainly found in behaviors, that involved some kind of ethical decision, and also buying organic food can be seen as ethical decision reflecting environmental concern. In addition, perceived quality is associated with environmentally friendly practices (Ness et. al, 2009). The perception of organic food products as environmentally friendly was a common intuition and has been examined in several studies (Ahmed, 2010; Honkanen et. al, 2006). It is believed that when the consumers have more concern about their health and environmental protection, they will be more likely to have a positive attitude to organic foods (Ness et. al, 2010). Honkanen et. al (2006) found that ecologically oriented consumers were more likely to form intentions to purchase and consume organic food. In other words, the more people are concerned about environment, the more positive attitude they have towards organic food. Organic Food Availability Lack of organic food availability and variety in store is considered as one of the barriers to consumer purchase. Fresh vegetables (which include fresh herbs) were considered the most widely available organic product group rather than other organic foods (Roitner-Schobesberger et. al, 2008). Chryssohoidis & Krystallis (2005) stated that limited availability was the main factor that hinders organic purchasing. Although according to Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008), in Thailand, majority of organic buyers were satisfied with availability of organic products. Most of them reported that they would like to buy more organic products, especially a wider range of vegetables. Value to the Customer In every product that consumer purchased and used, they in turn are expecting value from it. Value can be defined as a benefit that consumer is receiving by using a product. Benefits here mean sensory appeal of the product, taste, fun, freshness, quality and healthiness of the products. These are some main reasons that encouraged consumer to purchase the organic food. The value may vary from one consumer to another; however there will definitely be one value that effect the buying attitude which motivate the buying intention of consumers. Health Effect of Organic Food Several perceptions contributed to health attribute include the reason of being good for health, good for children, not containing pesticides, high in fiber, natural and nutritious and safer to eat (Roitner-Schobesberger, et. al, 2008; Saher et. al 2006; Lockie et. al, 2002; Ness et. al, 2009). The perceived potential hazards of modern agricultural practices such as the use of pesticides and their residues in food were perceived to be associated with long term and unknown effects on health (Miles and Frewer, 2001;Wilkins & Hillers, 1994; Williams & Hammit, 2001). Saher et. al (2006) revealed that there is very little scientific support for the common beliefs that organic food would be more healthy or nutritious than regular foods, but the belief that they have these properties remains quite strong in consumer’s mindset. The claim is debatable whether marketers can use the health claim for marketing purposes because most of the research concluded that there was no evidence that organic food was healthier or more nutritious than conventional food (Honkanen et. al, 2006). However, most studies in this area suggested that consumer’s perception of organic food as a healthy nutrition is one the most significant motives for buyers. Lockie et al. (2002) pointed out that health was the one aspect consumers are least willing to compromise. Roitner-Schobesberger et. al (2008) in Bangkok, Thailand, examined the motives behind organic food purchase and pointed out that the most important motive was the expected positive health effects. Similarly in Malaysia, organic buyers believed that organic food was healthier compared to conventional grown food (Ahmed, 2010). In Thailand, the health aspect was closely associated with the residues from synthetic chemicals used in agriculture (Roitner-Schobesberger et. al, 2008). In fact, organic products often have a lower level of pesticide residues (Baker et al. , 2002). Lockie et. al (2002) revealed that although price was an important factor, organic consumers consider health has appeared as a more significant factor for purchasing organic food in Australia. These organic food consumers also believed that industrial methods of food processing constitute a threat to customer’s health. Another research by Schifferstein & Oude Ophuis (1997) illustrated that well-being was rated among all other motives by organic food buyers. On the other hand, Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005) by examining specific organic products (bread and flour) claimed that health consciousness did not explained the general attitudes towards organic food, although they believed this results might be different by examining different organic products. Sensory Appeals Sensory appeals of organic food are part of the factors that provides value to customer. Sensory appeals include the taste, odor and also the texture of the organic product (Prescott et. al, 2002). Sometimes sensory appeals of the organic food need to be combined with the non-sensory factors such as organic food related expectations to create a value to customer which will affect their attitude towards buying organic food (Prescott et. al, 2002). Sensory factors are also influenced by cultures and background of consumers. For example, consumers from Western countries eat less spicy food compared to those from Asia. Spicy organic food might produce high value to consumers in Asian countries compared to Western. Intrinsic cues or sensory appeal that are associated with physical characteristics of the product such as taste, size, color, appearance, smell, feel and flavor were commonly used as indicators of quality on the organic food (Schifferstein et. al,1997). Quality is also value that consumers experiencing by consuming an organic food. Better sensory appeal of organic food will portray a better quality which will influence the attitude of purchasing an organic food and later increase the intention of buying the organic food. One of the most prominent sensory appeals that yield more value to consumer is taste. According to Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al (2008), taste was the third important motives that consumers purchase organic food (Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al, 2008). Others studies also emphasized that many organic food buyers believed that organic food products taste better than conventional food even if sensory evaluations have yielded inconsistent results (Fillion and Arazi,2002; McEachern and McClean,2002; Zhao et al. ,2007). Perceived Value One of the studies conducted in eight countries concluded that individual attitudes towards buying organic food are primarily based on the belief about the benefits (Thogersen, 2000). Benefits or value to consumers such as healthy, taste better and environment friendly supersede all the other factors such as belief about the cost. The same proven in one of the study conducted in Klang Valley. Most of the respondents reported that they choose to buy organic food products because they perceived organic food as very healthy, fresher and natural (Bayaah Ahmad et. ll, 2010). As such, value of organic food towards customers’ effect their attitudes towards buying which will motivates their intention of purchasing the organic product. Consumers also value organic food as nutritional food since it is produced using traditional method whereby the original nutrition from the food is preserved. Nutrition belief was one of the reasons that made people appeared to have different food styles and often express themselves as having food adventurousness or pickiness (Chen, 2007). Organic food adds value to consumers who has such belief and it will influence their intention of consuming it by affecting the buying behavior. Besides, Chen (2007) points out that an individual’s personal interests or traits act a part in establishing personal food choice criteria through the values held by the individual. These values comprise nutrition beliefs, weight control concerns, and so on. For instance, people seem to have different food-styles and often express themselves as having food adventurousness or pickiness. Another important motive to purchase organic food as reported by Roitner-Schobesbergeris et. al (2008) is the consumer’s search for new, trendy and attractive food products. Attitudes towards Organic food and Intention to purchase Basically, consumer attitudes are found to be the most important predictor of intention to buy (Honkanen et. al, 2006). Several studies have found that higher perceived product quality leads to more positive re-purchase intentions (Bou-Llusar et. al, 2001; Hult, & Kandemir 2004; Tarkiainen & Sundqvist, 2005). Chen (7007) highlighted that if the consumer’s attitude towards organic foods is positive, the consumer’s attitude to purchase organic food will be more likely to be positive. This is also consistent with another study performed by Honkanen et. al (2006) indicating that relation between attitude and intention is positive and quite strong, indicating that consumers with positive attitudes towards consumption of organic food are more likely to form intentions to consume such food, therefore converting positive attitudes to intentions. Methodology Theoretical Research Framework [pic] Figure1. Theoretical Research Framework Hypothesis Development: Hypothesis 1: There is a relationship between demographic characteristics of consumers and their attitudes towards organic foods. Hypothesis 2: There is a relationship between organic food attributes and consumer’s attitudes towards the organic food. Hypothesis 3: There is a positive relationship between values of organic food to customer with attitudes towards buying organic foods. Hypothesis 4: When the consumer’s attitude towards organic foods is positive, the consumer’s intentions to purchase organic foods will be more likely to be positive. Research Design The questionnaires are only designed in English; since the respondents are assumed to be relatively high educated they will be able to answer the questions without any difficulties. Furthermore it will help to keep the original meaning and understanding that respondents perceived to have towards the questions. Types of questions in questionnaires are mostly closed ended question and only two open ended question. This will only consume little time for the respondent to complete the questionnaire which will encourage them to participate in this study. There are three main categories in the prepared questionnaires. The questions in the first category are more towards understanding demographic details of the respondent such as on the age, income level, ethnicity, religion and educational level. This is useful to confirm the background of the organic food consumers. There are also questions on the product attributes which the respondents are asked to identify what are the main attributes that attract the purchase and also to determine whether this factor have a positive effect towards consumer attitude on organic food. Last part in the questionnaires is designed to understand the value of organic food to customers. All these questions are to test four hypotheses of this study. Data Collection The target population consists of organic food buyers in Peninsula Malaysia. In order to carry out the sampling Peninsula Malaysia is divided in to 3 major regions namely Northern, Central and Southern region. Northern region will be represented by Penang, Central region will be Klang Valley and Southern region of Peninsula Malaysia is represented by Johor Bahru. These three areas are chosen based on the economic development and availability of the organic products. From each region shopping complexes and supermarkets that provide organic products are identified. By using random sampling, three shopping complexes and supermarkets in urban areas are selected. Since target respondent with higher educational level and purchasing power are scattered around these urban areas, these will be perfect places to conduct this research. Those three supermarkets and shopping complexes are ensured to be far from each other so that the collected samples will be more accurate in representing the population in each region. Total sample size comprises of 540 individual respondents is collected using convenience sampling and respondents will be approached randomly. Since this study is conducted in large scale, convenient sampling will be more cost effective compared to other types of sampling. Furthermore conducting other types of sampling will be time consuming and the accuracy of the collected samples to represent the actual population will be questionable. In order to collect the data, 60 self-administered consumer questionnaire surveys are distributed in each shopping complexes which will result in 180 uestionnaires from each region. Considering the validity of the data, we are expecting a total of about 500 questionnaires to be usable in the later part of data analysis. Although there is no way of knowing if those included are representative of the overall population, the survey is still expected to give a first overview of relevant issues and to allow to derive insights into the perception of organ ic food buyers in Peninsula Malaysia. Data Analysis After data is collected, data will be edited and coded. Editing data is very essential part of data analysis especially when researches involve open ended questions. Editing is done immediately after data is collected so that the respondent can be contacted if any clarification needed. The edited data are identified through usage of different fond and colors. Coding is done before data processing is conducted. Since most of the data collected involve ordinal scale, coding becomes prudent. By doing this data accurately keyed in and avoid wrong interpretation of data. Base on the three sections in the questionnaire, data is also coded in three main groups. Data processing is done using a software program called SPSS version 17. First of all the edited and coded data is checked and scanned through. Wrongly entered and coded data will be identified using the software through methods like identification of the maximum value. Values like variance, standard deviation, mean and range are used to understand the effectiveness of the questions asked in the questionnaire and how respondents reacted to the questions. The reliability and validity test is done to check the credibility of the data. The reliability test also conducted to test the relationship of the variables through the reliability coefficient. Validity test is done to assess all three factorial validity, convergent validity and also discriminant validity. References Ahmed, S. N. B. , 2010, Organic Food: A Study on Demographic Characteristics and Factors Influencing Purchase Intentions among Consumers in Klang Valley, Malaysia, International Journal of Business and Management 5, No. 2, Baker, B. , Benbrook, C. , Groth, E. , Benbrook, K. , 2002, Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: insights from three US data sets. Food Additives and Contaminants 19, 427–446. Bartels J. and Reinders M. J. (2009). Social identification, social representations, and consumer innovativeness in an organic food context: A cross-national comparison, Food and Quality Preferences,1-6, Elsevier Ltd. Bou-Llusar, J. C. , Camison-Zornoza, C. , Escrig-Tena, A. 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